Depth of processing is defined by how information is encoded and how that changes how it is remembered. Presentation to introduce craik and tulvings experiment on the levels of processing theory of memory. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 11, 67l84. We classified vocabulary mnemonics into shallow and deepencoding types, analyzed the advantage and disadvantage of each mnemonic, and concluded that. Learning and memory strategy demonstrations for the. Craik and lockhart levels of processing framework by admin the levels of processing framework proposed by fergus i. Memory and levels of processing in psycholinguistic context.
Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longerlasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Atkinson and shiffrin multi store model of memory simply. Levels of processing craik and lockhart, 1972 prezi. Jan 04, 2014 per far fronte ai problemi sollevati dal modello modale, sono state avanzate due proposte teoriche. Lockhart in 1972, refers to three levels of encoding any information. Craik and lockhart in 1972, is one of the most widely cited cognitive psychology articles in the literature. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory fergus i. One study that tried to support this theory is the craik and lockhart 1972 study. In a typical experiment, depth is manipulated by asking participants to engage deep or shallow processing on the toberemembered items during encoding 2. Elaboration reflects the extent to which information in working memor is integrated with prior knowledge structures. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior 11, 671684 1972 levels of processing.
An example of different levels of processing would be when trying to remember someones name. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the. Each store had a specific and relatively inflexible function. But thepreliminary stages ofprocessingnecessary toreach thelevel of comprehension are of littlevalue in themselves,once the. Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research. Information is simply rehearsed in the stm and if rehearsed sufficiently is transferred to ltm.
These results are replicated in craik and lockhart. Traditional theories of memory segmented human memory into different stores for example, the multistore model with sensory, shortterm and longterm stores. A comparative study of handwriting and computer typing in. Studied med school at u of edinburgh, but decided he rather disliked the company of sick people, and decided to go into psychology instead. For example, the population with decline of frontal executive systems and reduced attentional resources, such as older adults and amnesia patients showed more deficits in remembering the sources than in remembering the items schacter, 1987. Their conceptual framework has the advantage of directing attention to mental events and processes, but there are several difficulties. The levels of processing effect was the creation of robert s. As craik and lockhart 1972 point out, the perceiver is normally concerned only with extracting the meaning from his sensory input.
The levels of processing model, created by fergus i. Elaboration rehearsal involves a more meaningful analysis e. Craik and tulvings research supports their level of processing theory. Levels of processing memory model history fergus craik. Craik and lockharts 1972 lop concept could be seen as capitalizing on the affordances offered by printed words. They theorized that not all sensory information is processed the same and thus is transferred to our lts at different rates. Ccnumber 50 this weeks citation classicdecember 10. Critically discuss the level of processing model of craik and. In a recent paper, craik and lockhart 1972 argued that depth of processing of stimulus material is a direct determinant of how well that material will be remembered. The study took a number of participants with 60 words and gave each word a question that dealt with one way to encode the word, after a distracting process the participants were asked to find the words from a larger list. Levels of processing theory craik and tulvings experiment. The underlying assumption in their approach is that a stimulus is processed through a series of stages with different kinds of information being extracted from. Craik and endel tulving conditions are typically held constant in the experiments described above, the dif. Fergus ian muirden craik frs born 17 april 1935, edinburgh, scotland is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory.
One study that tried to support this theory is the craik and. Multistore model atkinson and shiffrin 1968 akinson and shiffrin suggested that memory was comprised of three separate stores, the sensory memory store, the shortterm memory and the longterm memory. This work was done in collaboration with robert lockhart at the university of toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with endel tulving in 1975. The basic notions are that the episodic memory trace may be thought of as a rather auto. Dp 2 craik and lockhart levels of processing english. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 9 1970, pp. Information processed at a low level of elaboration may elicit only a recognition response. Evidence for the framework such as craik and tulving. Links into memory with research into perception and selective attention. The level or depth at which the information is processedencoded determines how well it is stored in ltm information is best encoded, stored and organised by meaning. An experiment similar to the study by craik and tulving 1975 was conducted for the purpose of examining the evidence for craik and lockharts 1972 lop theory and to support the hypothesis that a greater amount of data can be recalled from within a persons stm when deeper levels of processing semantic are used compared to the use of. As deeper processing would logically take more time to execute than shallow processing e. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing.
Wisdom,intelligence,andcreativitysynthesized intelligence,aharvardpsychologistfamouslyremarked,iswhatever intelligencetestsmeasure. Actually, it is very pleasant to put on record our gratitude to endel tulving who. According to the web of science, since the publication of craik and lockhart almost 40 years ago, 3,500 articles have cited the original article accessed july 2011. Equally, it is important for him to continue to remember thesemeanings. The craik and lockhart article appeared in the december 1972 issue of jvlvb. In contrast, they proposed three ways of processing. This result can be explained by deeper information processing in subjects who use the reflexive decision making strategies craik, lockhart, 1972.
For example, giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge. Accordingly, a higher attentive maintenance is devoted to the processing of spaced items compared to massed items craik and lockhart, 1972. Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972. Craik and lockhart 1972 discussed engagement in terms of depth of cognitive processing e. University of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada in the 1960s, human memory was thought about principally in terms of stores that were characterized as holding. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic. Craik and lockhart 1972 proposed that it is the method and depth of processing affects how an experience is stored in memory, rather than rehearsal. Learn lockhart craik with free interactive flashcards. The level or depth at which the information is processedencoded determines how well it is stored in ltminformation is best encoded, stored and organised by meaningmemory is not as simple as applying meaning and no meaning. Pdf levelsofprocessing effects on a variety of memory. Further, the selfreference effect also known as selfreferential processing. The researches done by hyde and jenkins 1973 and craik and tulving 1975 also prove the same results. Memory is just a byproduct of the depth of processing of information, and there is no clear. If we want to remember a piece of information, we should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to.
The levels of processing model craik and lockhart, 1972 focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last. Can be used alongside the introductory presentation and the practical experiment presentation for students on the levels of processing theory see other resources. Per far fronte ai problemi sollevati dal modello modale, sono state avanzate due proposte teoriche. Following the abandonment of the initial simple processing depth hypothesis the tendency has been to. The levelsofprocessing effect, identified by fergus i. May 28, 2014 this levels of processing lop framework was originally proposed by craik and lockhart in 1972, and has since then fueled debate in episodic memory research. The statement that according to craik and lockhart 1972, shallow processing and deep processing are the two main types of processing is false.
Includes the aim, procedure, results and conclusion of the study. Encoding organizational source and associative source. For example,craik and tulving 1975 demonstrated that words that were embedded in a congruent sentence context were better remembered than those that were embedded in an incongruent context see also schulman, 1974. Choose from 16 different sets of lockhart craik flashcards on quizlet. One study that tried to support this theory is the craik. Ccnumber 50 this weeks citation classicdecember 10, 1979. Evaluation levels of processing framework is an idea of how memory might occur.
In 1972, craik and lockhart proposed a new model of memory formation related to depth of processing. This levels of processing lop framework was originally proposed by craik and lockhart in 1972, and has since then fueled debate in episodic memory research. In a famous article, craik and lockhart 1972 discussed their belief that information we process more deeply goes into longterm memory. Critically discuss the level of processing model of craik. Craik and endcl uniocrsity of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972.
Craik and lockharts 1972 lop concept could be seen as. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. To determine the level of processing between semantic and phonemic encoding, 26 word pairs was shown to 837 undergraduates and each participant has 30 seconds to determine whether it was a. Craik and lockhart 1972 stated that in the encoding stage there is a series of processing hierarchies. Craik and tulving 1975 hypothesized that depth of processing is a main component of the durability of one. According to craik and lockhart 1972, shallow processing. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. The subjects with the reflexive strategy scored less false memory markers and more omission errors than those with the impulsive strategy. Nov 30, 2016 presentation to introduce craik and tulvings experiment on the levels of processing theory of memory.
505 320 353 1236 151 205 1428 1404 11 1307 301 1598 1491 479 922 437 1113 1329 1396 1598 806 845 998 140 578 1388 600 845 1070 1536 519 511 961 633 1362 219 1191 271 246 518 291 1402 1074 341 159 1254